Radiated performance of a wireless device

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, apparatus, processors and computer-readable media include a radiated testing module that executes a predetermined radiated performance test on a wireless device. The test dictates various performance-related parameters to measure and log at each of a plurality of predetermined positions. Further, the wireless device receives synchronization information operable to enable synchronization between the logged measurements and each of the positions. The synchronized log allows the wireless device, or another apparatus, to determine a radiated performance characteristic based on a predetermined analysis protocol. Further, the described embodiments allow for the determination of several radiated performance characteristics in a single test, using a single, unaltered wireless device.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119

The present Application for Patent claims priority to ProvisionalApplication No. 60/843,035 entitled “RADIATED PERFORMANCE OF A WIRELESSDEVICE” filed Sep. 8, 2006, and assigned to the assignee hereof andhereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS FOR PATENT

The present Application for Patent is related to the followingco-pending U.S. patent application entitled “SYSTEMS, METHODS ANDAPPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A RADIATED PERFORMANCE OF A WIRELESS DEVICE”,U.S. Ser. No. 11/258,334 filed on Oct. 24, 2005, and expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

The described embodiments relate to wireless communications devices, andmore particularly, to systems, methods, apparatus, processors andcomputer readable media for determining the radiated performance of anantenna system associated with a wireless device.

Wireless devices utilize radio waves to provide long distancecommunications without the physical constraints of a wire-based system.The wireless device transmits and receives information using via theradio waves, which may be carried over predetermined frequency bands. Anantenna connected to a transmitter and a receiver, along with theassociated circuitry, allows the wireless device to transmit and receivethese radio wave signals. The design of the wireless device, includingthe antenna and the various transmit- and receiver-related components,impact the ability of the wireless device to transmit and receive radiowave signals, and hence define and affect the radiated performance ofthe device. Thus, it is desirable to determine and tune the radiatedperformance of a wireless device to optimize the ability of the wirelessdevice to communicate radio wave signals.

Prior art methods of determining the radiated performance of a wirelessdevice, however, have a number of drawbacks. Some tests to determineradiated performance involve destructive modification of the wirelessdevice. For instance, in one example, the signal path between theantenna and receiver is interrupted and re-routed to an external radiofrequency (“RF”) connector. Radiated signal power measurements are thenmade by external test equipment interfaced at this connector, therebyacting as a substitute for the receiver on the wireless device. Thepresence of the external RF connector and the associated external cablecan distort the true radiated performance of the wireless device.Further, these destructive modifications add expense to the testingprocedure due to both the additional equipment and the additionalmanpower required to make the modification. Additionally, destructivemodifications add further expense by making the modified wireless deviceun-usable for other tests.

Additionally, in a wireless communication system, an RF modulated signalfrom a transmitter may reach a receiver via a number of propagationpaths. The characteristics of the propagation paths typically vary overtime due to a number of factors such as fading and multipath.

Further, structures such as buildings, and surrounding terrain,including walls and hillsides, contribute to the scattering andreflection of the transmitted signal. The scattering and reflection ofthe transmit signal results in multiple signal paths from thetransmitter to the receiver. The contributors to the multiple signalpaths change as the receiver moves.

Other signal sources also contribute to the degradation of the desiredsignal. The other signal sources may be other transmitters intentionallyoperating on the same frequency as the desired signal, as well astransmitters that generate spurious signals in the frequency band of thedesired signal. Yet another source of signal degradation may begenerated within the receiver itself. Signal amplifiers and signalprocessing stages within the receiver may degrade the level of thedesired signal with respect to the level of thermal noise. The signalamplifiers and processors within the receiver may also generate noiseproducts or distort the received signal and further degrade its quality.

To provide diversity against deleterious path effects and improveperformance, multiple transmit and receive antennas may be used. If thepropagation paths between the transmit and receive antennas are linearlyindependent (i.e., a transmission on one path is not formed as a linearcombination of the transmissions on other paths), which is generallytrue to at least an extent, then the likelihood of correctly receiving adata transmission increases as the number of antennas increases. Thus,generally, diversity increases and performance improves as the number oftransmit and receive antennas increases.

Further, a wireless device may use multiple antennas for a number ofreasons. For example, a wireless device often needs to operate overmultiple bands and service multiple operating modes. Another reason isthat advanced transceiver architectures are being implemented that usemultiple antennas for improving the performance of some of these modesin the field. When operated simultaneously, these modes can interferewith each other, degrading overall performance. So it is important todevise accurate means of evaluating the radiated performance of awireless device that can capture the effects of self-interference.Current methods require several steps to evaluate a combineddevice/antenna design, and there is ambiguity with respect to testaccuracy with current “cabled” tests. Therefore, dependable design andtest methodologies have yet to be developed.

Thus, new and improved systems, apparatus, computer-readable media,processors and methods for determining the radiated performance of awireless device are desired.

SUMMARY

The described embodiments allow for the determination, in a single testand using a single, unaltered wireless device, one or more radiatedperformance characteristics, such as Effective Isotropic Radiated Power(“EIRP”), receiver sensitivity, Total Radiated Power (“TRP”), TotalIsotropic Sensitivity (“TIS”), and envelope correlation, which isrelated to receiver diversity performance.

In a further embodiment, a method of determining a radiated performancecharacteristic of a wireless device includes determining a measuredsignal characteristic of a forward link only signal received by thewireless device at each one of a plurality of associated time instances,wherein the plurality of associated time instances is relative to astarting time instance; and recording the measured signalcharacteristics in a log on the wireless device at each associated timeinstance in the plurality of associated time instances. In a relatedembodiment, at least one processor is configured to performed theabove-described actions. In another related embodiment, a computerprogram resident in a computer readable medium that, when executed,directs a computer device to perform the actions noted above.

In another embodiment, an apparatus for determining a radiatedperformance characteristic of a wireless device includes a means fordetermining a measured signal characteristic of a forward link onlysignal received by the wireless device at each one of a plurality ofassociated time instances, wherein the plurality of associated timeinstances is relative to a starting time instance; and recording themeasured signal characteristics in a log on the wireless device at eachassociated time instance in the plurality of associated time instances.

In still another embodiment, a controller for determining a radiatedperformance characteristic of a wireless device comprises a radio signalsystem operable to determine a measured signal characteristic of aforward link only signal received by the wireless device at each one ofa plurality of associated time instances, wherein the plurality ofassociated time instances is relative to a starting time instance; andrecord the measured signal characteristics in a log on the wirelessdevice at each associated time instance in the plurality of associatedtime instances.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a system fordetermining a radiated performance of a wireless device;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a wireless deviceused in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a user interface/viewoperable on the wireless device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a controller systemused in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 schematic diagram of one embodiment of the components of apredetermined radiated performance test used by the wireless deviceand/or the controller system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a control test logassociated with the controller system of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of one embodiment of a method operable on awireless device for determining a radiated performance of the wirelessdevice of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of one embodiment of a method operable on anapparatus, such a the controller system, for determining a radiatedperformance of the wireless device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is a graph of antenna rho values measured from complex radiatedpatterns, according to the described embodiments, compared with antennarho values measured in the field for a number of different types ofphones; and

FIG. 10 is a table including calculated rho values, according to thedescribed embodiments, for a number of different environments or channelmodels that represent incoming electromagnetic fields having differentbehaviors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, a system 10 for determining aradiated performance of a wireless device 12 includes a controllersystem 14 operable to generate a control signal 16 to transmit a radiowave signal 18 to wireless device 12. Wireless device 12 is locatedwithin a test chamber 20 at a position 22 in a plurality of possiblepositions associated with a predetermined radiated performance test 24being run by controller system 14. Control signal 16 includes apositioning component 26 that defines the physical coordinates ofselected position 22 and thereby dictates the movements of a positioningsystem 28 to which wireless device 12 is mounted. Further, controlsignal 16 includes a corresponding signaling component 30, which definesa radio wave signal 18 and thereby dictates a transmission by radiosignal system 32. In one embodiment, for example, radio signal system 32simulates a base station in a cellular phone network, and thus radiowave signal 18 may be considered a forward channel signal. In oneembodiment, the base station simulates a base station that operates in aforward link only mode, which means that there is only a forward linkand no reverse link exists (i.e., the wireless device 12 is notconfigured or operable to transmit any signals back to the basestation). Further, radio wave signal 18 may include an actual orreference signal characteristic 34, such as a signal power, andpredetermined synchronization data 36, such as information that may beused to synchronize the measurements obtained at selected position 22 toa particular position and/or time, as further described herein. Forexample, reference signal characteristic 34 is a known characteristic orvalue that may be used as a baseline value for later calculations, suchas a gain calculation. Similarly, predetermined synchronization data 36allows measurements made by wireless device 12 to be correlated to thephysical coordinates of position 22 of wireless device 12 at the timewhen the measurement was obtained.

In one embodiment, for the determination of TIS as the radiatedperformance characteristic 42 of wireless device 12, a first step isdetermining the receiver gain pattern of wireless device 12. Onepossible approach may involve obtaining received signal strengthindication (“RSSI”) measurements for particular angular positions ofwireless device 12. For each RSSI measurement, the log record forwireless device 12 includes the time stamp of wireless device 12 and theRSSI measurement. When the positioning system 28 rotates the axes,controller system 14 records the elevation position of wireless device12 versus the time on controller system 14 in a position versus timelog. However, because the time clock of wireless device 12 is notsynchronized with the time clock of controller system 14 (e.g., due toclock differences), the RSSI versus time log of wireless device 12 isnot synchronized to the position versus time log of controller system14. In one embodiment, to address this synchronization issue,predetermined synchronization data 36 comprises a power pulse that isgenerated and sent to wireless device 12 before the rotation of wirelessdevice 12 begins. For example, a power pulse having a predeterminedmagnitude is generated by controller system 14, where controller system14 may obtain the local machine time (in ms) as a reference time startpoint for the log file on controller system 14 on the falling edge ofthe power pulse. This reference time start point will be used later todetermine a starting point in a position versus time log. In oneembodiment, the time in the log may be determined the difference betweenthe time on controller system 14 and the start point. The datapost-processing will accomplish the same result on the logs fromwireless device 12 by searching the falling edge of the pulse in thelogs, and using the time stamp at that point as the time start point. Inone embodiment, the power pulse will act as a starting point whenlogging starts and this power pulse will be in the log packet.

Wireless device 12 receives and processes signal 18, resulting ingenerating a measured signal characteristic 38 corresponding toreference signal characteristic 34. In other words, measured signalcharacteristic 38 is the received value, as measured by receiver-relatedcomponents resident on wireless device 12, of reference signalcharacteristic 34. Further, wireless device 12 receives synchronizationdata 36 from signal 18, thereby providing the system 10 with the abilityto ultimately relate the respective measured signal characteristic 38 tothe respective selected position 22 at which the measurement occurred.Additionally, wireless device 12 includes a radiated performance testmodule 40 that monitors the measurement of the received signal anddirects the parsing of its data. Further, radiated performance testmodule 40 executes to log measured signal characteristic 38 andsynchronization data 36, thereby forming a record of the test conditionsand test results for each selected position 22. System 10 then sequencesthrough the remaining plurality of predetermined positions until thesignals are received at all positions as determined by the givenpredetermined radiated performance test 24.

Once all testing information has been logged, radiated performancecharacteristic 42 may be determined at controller system 14. In thiscase, the log of measured signal characteristics 38, which includessynchronization data 36, may be transferred from wireless device 12 to atest manager module 44 located at controller system 14. Test managermodule 44 maintains another log of position information andcorresponding time information, which it correlates with the log fromwireless device 12 to produce a record or log of position informationsynchronized with measured signal characteristics 38 for each positiondictated by predetermined radiated performance test 24. In this case,test manager module 44 initiates the analysis of this synchronized logto determine radiated performance characteristic 42.

In one embodiment, the log of measure signal characteristics 38 may betransferred to controller system 14 via the use of a cable that isattached to wireless device 12 after the log is generated. In anotherembodiment, wireless device 12 may include a transmitter that may beused to transmit the log back to controller system 14. In the systemwhere wireless device 12 is a forward link only device (i.e., thewireless device 12 does not contain a transmitter that can transmit asignal back to radio signal system 32 in a reverse link, wireless device12 may include a transceiver configured for a communication system thatis different from the communication system being measured. For example,wireless device 12 may include a Bluetooth® transceiver that may be usedto transmit the log. Other types of transceivers may be used. Using thisalternate transceiver, data may be sent to and received from wirelessdevice 12 in real time. For example, signal characteristics 38 may betransmitted from wireless device 12 to controller system 14 as they arebeing measured. The use of the transceiver should not interfere with themeasurement of the signal characteristics 38. In addition, control datamay be transmitted between wireless device 12 and controller system 14.For example, wireless device 12 can be instructed to begin logging bycontroller system 14 via a command sent using the alternate transceiver.

In another embodiment, radiated performance testing module 40 may beused to analyze all of the logged measured signal characteristics 38 anduses synchronization data 36 to determine a starting point in order togenerate a radiated performance characteristic 42 for wireless device12. In one embodiment, for example, radiated performance characteristic42 may include a radiated sensitivity metric, which is a function of thepower gain and/or the voltage gain at an antenna of wireless device 12,and which may be measured for a single or for multiple antennas. For anembodiment of wireless device 12 having multiple antennas, radiatedperformance characteristic 38 may include complex voltage receive gains,which are utilized to predict the correlation between the multiplereceive chains/antennas, thereby providing an indication of thediversity gain provided by the given antenna set-up.

In another embodiment, for example, where synchronization data 36includes time information, radiated performance characteristic 42 may bedetermined at controller system 14. In this case, the log of measuredsignal characteristics 38 and corresponding synchronization data 36 maybe transferred from wireless device 12 to a test manager module 44located at controller system 14. Test manager module 44 maintainsanother log of corresponding time information and position information,which it correlates with the log from wireless device 12 to produce arecord or log of position information synchronized with measured signalcharacteristics 38 for each position dictated by predetermined radiatedperformance test 24. In this case, test manager module 44 initiates theanalysis of this synchronized log to determine radiated performancecharacteristic 42.

In other embodiments, for example, predetermined radiated performancetest 24 may include a test that involves a wireless device-originatedradio wave signal 46 transmitted to radio signal system 32. This test isa performance test of the transmit chain/antenna of wireless device 12.In an embodiment where radio signal system 32 simulates a base stationof a cellular telephone network, wireless device-originated radio wavesignal 46 may be considered a reverse channel signal. Signal 46 includesa reference signal characteristic 48, which may be used as a baselinefor future calculation, and radio signal system 32 receives andprocesses signal 46, thereby generating a corresponding measured signalcharacteristic 50 as received by system 32. In this embodiment, testmanagement module 44 on controller system 14 executes to log measuredsignal characteristic 50 and the corresponding position informationfound in position component 26. System 10 then sequences through theremaining plurality of predetermined positions until the signals 46 arereceived at all positions as determined by the given predeterminedradiated performance test 24. Once all testing information has beenlogged, test management module 44 analyzes all of the logged measuredsignal characteristics 50 and corresponding position information fromposition components 26 (which also may be considered synchronizationinformation 36) and generates radiated performance characteristic 42 forwireless device 12. In this case, for example, radiated performancecharacteristic 42 may include a measure of the transmission performanceof wireless device 12, such as a transmit power gain. Further, wirelessdevice 12 may be set-up to simultaneously receive signal 18 and transmitsignal 46, thereby shortening testing times if there is an overlap inthe plurality of predetermined positions associated with each test.

Thus, system 10 advantageously includes logging of receiver datadirectly on wireless device 12, thereby eliminating the need forexternal connectors and cables that may distort the truereceiver-related radiated performance of the device. Further, system 10advantageously provides for wireless synchronization of the measuredsignal characteristic 38 and the position information or physicalcoordinates corresponding to each selected position 22, therebyeliminating the need for external connectors and cables connected toexternal synchronization and post-processing equipment. Further, thelogging and synchronization capability provided by wireless device 12 ofsystem 10 allows for the simultaneous performance of multiple radiatedperformance tests. Therefore, system 10 provides an efficient set-up fordetermining the radiated performance of wireless device 12.

In one particular embodiment, for example, the systems, apparatus andmethods described herein aide in the radiated testing of mobile phones.In this embodiment, several radiated performance characteristics 42 canbe derived from measured data collected in a single test. In particular,the radiated performance characteristics 42 that can be determined are:a total radiated power (“TRP”) characteristic, a total isotropicsensitivity (“TIS”) characteristic, a peak effective isotropic radiatedpower (“EIRP”) characteristic, a peak receiver sensitivitycharacteristic, a peak gain characteristic, an average gaincharacteristic, and a pattern correlation for diversity enabled phones.Generally, the described embodiments perform, over-the-air (OTA),complex receive and maximum transmit EIRP pattern measurements at threechannel frequencies without requiring test cables being connected to thedevice under test. By performing the predetermined radiated testswirelessly, the described embodiments improve measurement accuracy byeliminating external antenna test cables that can distort radiationpatterns. Further, the described embodiments do not require special testfixtures as only one phone is needed for all tests; in contrast, theprior art requires a separate cabled phone fixture for antennagain/pattern tests and a second, wireless phone for the peak EIRP andreceive sensitivity radiated tests. Additionally, this particularembodiment provides accelerated testing methodologies, as described inmore detail below, that are much faster than current TRP and TIS testmethodologies. For example, based on experimental results using thepresent system, the total duration of the TRP and TIS tests is about1.75 hours for low, mid, and high frequencies, compared with about a 3-5hour duration for the prior art TIS test at only one frequency.

In this particular embodiment, for example, the measurements areperformed in a calibrated far-field anechoic chamber. The testingapplication is loaded into the device under test (e.g., wireless device12) while other special purpose control and post processing software isloaded into a host computer (e.g., controller system 14) controlling thechamber equipment. A cell site simulator or call box is connected to thechamber horn antenna, thereby enabling an OTA call to a test phonemounted on a rotating pedestal at the far end of the chamber.

For receive mode tests, the device under test is commanded to loguser-defined data packets to memory on the device under test. Thedefined data packets, such as a “finger channel estimate” log packet,contain the complex pilot signals (e.g., In-phase and Quadrature-phase)received by the antennae of the device under test when the device undertest is illuminated by an electromagnetic plane wave transmitted fromthe call box equipment. In one embodiment, the logging may be triggeredby sending commands from the call box over-the-air to the device undertest. By synchronizing this logging event with the movement of thepedestal and device under test, the complex in-phase andquadrature-phase receive pattern data is obtained at each measurementangle over a field of view covering a sphere. Further, tests are donewith the chamber horn oriented for vertical and horizontalpolarizations, and thus vertical and horizontal receive patterns areobtained. Additionally, for diversity-enabled devices, the complexreceive pattern of the secondary antenna is obtained by logging the samepacket data in a similar manner.

For transmit mode tests, a power meter is used to measure the radiatedpower transmitted by the device under test in a given measurementdirection with the phone transmitter at maximum power. The device undertest is commanded, such as via OTA signals from the call box equipment,to radiate at its maximum transmit power. The transmitted power iscollected by the chamber horn and measured by a power meter at eachmeasurement angle. Further, the chamber path loss is determined, andthereby can be accounted for by the reference signal, thereby allowingfor the determination of the phone's EIRP. The measured data is storedin real time as the device under test is rotated to the various testangles covering a sphere. Further, tests are done for the chamber hornoriented in both vertical and horizontal polarizations, and thus thevertical and horizontal polarization EIRP patterns are obtained.

All measurements—the transmit EIRP and the primary and secondary antennareceive complex field measurements—may be performed in sequence at eachmeasurement angle. Hence, all receive and transmit data can be collectedwith a single test run.

Additional details relating to this particular embodiment are discussedbelow.

Referring to FIG. 2, wireless device 12 can include any type ofcomputerized, wireless device, such as a cellular telephone, a personaldigital assistant, a two-way text pager, and a portable computer. Thewireless device can be a remote-slave, or other device that does nothave an end-user thereof but simply communicates data across a wirelessnetwork. Examples of a remote-slave device include a remote sensor, adiagnostic tool, a data relay, and the like. The functionalitiesperformed on wireless device 12 described herein can accordingly beperformed on any form of wireless device or computer module, including,without limitation, wireless modems, PCMCIA cards, wireless accessterminals, wireless personal computers, wireless telephones, or anycombination or sub-combination thereof.

Additionally, wireless device 12 has an input mechanism 52 forgenerating inputs into wireless device, and output mechanism 54 forgenerating information for consumption by the user of the wirelessdevice. For example, input mechanism 52 may include a mechanism such asa key or keyboard, a mouse, a touch-screen display, a voice recognitionmodule, etc. The inputs into wireless device may include menu selectionsto set-up, change parameters, and run a radiated test, or to transferlogged information out of the device. Further, for example, outputmechanism 54 may include a display, an audio speaker, a haptic feedbackmechanism, etc. The generated information to output may include theabove-referenced menus for performing a test and transferring the testresults, a view of the test results, etc.

Further, wireless device 12 has computer platform 56 that can transmitdata across a wireless network, and that can receive and executesoftware applications and display data transmitted from another computerdevice connected to the wireless network. Computer platform 56 includesa data repository 58, which may comprise volatile and nonvolatile memorysuch as read-only memory (“ROM”) and/or random-access memory (“RAM”),erasable programmable read-only memory (“EPROM”), electronicallyerasable programmable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), flash memory cards,or any memory common to computer platforms. Further, data repository 58may include one or more secondary or tertiary storage devices, such asmagnetic media, optical media, tape, or soft or hard disk.

Further, computer platform 56 also includes a processing engine 60,which may be an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), orother chipset, processor, logic circuit, or other data processingdevice. Processing engine 60 or other processor such as ASIC may executean application programming interface (“API”) layer 62 that interfaceswith any resident programs, such as radiated performance testing module40, in data repository 58 of wireless device 12. API 62 is a runtimeenvironment executing on the respective wireless device. One suchruntime environment is Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless® (BREW®)software developed by Qualcomm, Inc., of San Diego, Calif. Other runtimeenvironments may be utilized that, for example, operate to control theexecution of applications on wireless computing devices.

Processing engine 60 includes various processing subsystems 64 embodiedin hardware, firmware, software, and combinations thereof, that enablethe functionality of wireless device 12 and the operability of thewireless device on a wireless network. For example, processingsubsystems 64 allow for initiating and maintaining communications, andexchanging data, with other networked devices. In one embodiment, suchas in a cellular telephone, communications processing engine 60 mayinclude one or a combination of processing subsystems 64, such as:sound, non-volatile memory, file system, transmit, receive, searcher,layer 1, layer 2, layer 3, main control, remote procedure, handset,power management, diagnostic, digital signal processor, vocoder,messaging, call manager, Bluetooth® system, Bluetooth® LPOS, positiondetermination, position engine, user interface, sleep, data services,security, authentication, universal subscriber identitymodule/subscriber identity module (“USIM/SIM”), voice services,graphics, universal serial bus (“USB”), multimedia such as movingpicture experts group (“MPEG”), general packet radio service (“GPRS”),etc. For the disclosed embodiments, processing subsystems 64 ofprocessing engine 60 may include any subsystem components that interactwith applications executing on computer platform 56. For example,processing subsystems 64 may include any subsystem components whichreceive data reads and data writes from API 62 on behalf of radiatedperformance testing module 40. Further, all or portions of thereceiver-related data and/or transmitter-related data that is gatheredand then logged by radiated performance testing module 40 is availablefrom these subsystems 64.

Computer platform 56 may further include a communications module 66embodied in hardware, firmware, software, and combinations thereof, thatenables communications among the various components of the wirelessdevice 12, as well as between wireless device 12 and a wireless network.In one embodiment, for example, communications module 66 include atransmitter module 68 for wirelessly transmitting information such asradio wave signal 48 through an antenna system 72, and a receiver module70 for wirelessly receiving information such as radio wave signal 18through antenna system 72. As noted above, antenna system 72 may includea single antenna, such as a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, ahelical antenna, a planar antenna, etc., or any combination thereof toform multiple antennas. For example, such multiple antenna systems mayinclude a multiple-input multiple-output (“MIMO”) communication system,which employs multiple (N_(T)) transmit antennas and multiple (NR)receive antennas for data transmission. Alternately, for example, suchmultiple antenna systems may include a multiple-input single-output(“MISO”) communication system that employs multiple (N_(T)) transmitantennas and a single receive antenna for data transmission. In anycase, receiver module 70 in combination with antenna system 72 may beconsidered the receive chain of wireless device 12. Similarly,transmitter module 68 and antenna system 72 may be considered thetransmit chain of the wireless device. Other communication modules mayexist in computer platform 56 in addition to communication module 66.For example, a communication module 67 may be included to provide othercommunications capability for wireless device 12 using such wirelesscommunications protocol as Bluetooth® or IEEE 802.11. The communicationscapabilities could be transmit only, receive only, or both transmit andreceive.

Additionally, as mentioned above, computer platform 13 further includesradiated performance test module 40 to manage radiated testing-relatedactivities on wireless device 12. Radiated performance test module 40may include any hardware, software, firmware and/or other set ofexecutable instructions operable to manage the collection of anyinformation, such as receiver data and/or transmitter data, relating toa radiated performance characteristic 42 of wireless device 12. Radiatedperformance test module 40 may be initiated at any time to log, storeand make available measured signal characteristic 38, synchronizationdata 36, any transmitter- and/or receiver-related data, and/or anyinformation related to predetermined radiated performance test 24.

In one embodiment, for example, radiated performance test module 40includes performance logic 74 that provides the capability to collect,store and provide access to, or forward, radiated performancetest-related information. Further, in some embodiments, performancelogic 74 may initiate the capability of wireless device 12 to generateradiated performance characteristic 42 based on the parameters of agiven performance test 24.

Further, radiated performance test module 40 includes a device testconfiguration 76 that defines log parameters 78 and/or test variables 80corresponding to predetermined radiated performance test 24 being run bycontroller system 14. For example, log parameters 78 define types ofinformation to collect and log as receiver data 82 and/or transmitterdata 84 for the given radiated performance test. In one embodiment, forexample, log parameters 78 define measured or reference receiver data 82and/or measured or reference transmitter data 84 available from one ormore processing subsystems 64. In the case of a wireless telephone, forexample, log parameters 78 may include log data packets available fromprocessing engine 60 and/or processing subsystem 64. Examples of theinformation contained in such log data packets include, but are notlimited to: received power from a given receive chain/antenna,transmitted power from a given transmit chain/antenna, in-phase pilotvoltages and quadrature-phase pilot voltages associated with a givenreceive chain, finger lock status, relative delay in a received signal(e.g. the time difference between receiving a first and second instanceof the same signal, such as when receiving a reflected signal), etc. Inparticular, in one embodiment of a CDMA system, such log data packetsinclude the “Search TNG Finger Status” packet, the “RF” subpacket, the“Finger Info” subpacket, and the “Filtered Pilot Symbol” subpacket. Inanother embodiment of a CDMA system, an example log data packet is the“WCDMA finger info for TA—Finger/pilot channel parameters” packet or the“Diversity antenna radiation status” packet. In the case of a forwardlink only device, an example log data packet is the “MFLO RSSI ValueDynamic Params” packet. Additionally, or alternatively, log parameters78 may define other radiated performance-related information received byor otherwise accessible to wireless device 12. For example, in oneembodiment, log parameters 78 may include test configuration-relatedinformation, and/or information in data packets from signals received bywireless device 12, such as reference signal characteristic 34 and/orsynchronization data 36 from signal 18. It should be understood,however, that many other log parameters 78 may be defined depending onthe nature of the given radiated performance test.

Further, for example, test variables 80 define values associated withcollecting receiver data 82 and/or transmitter data 84, and/orperforming analysis on the collected data. In one embodiment, forexample, types of test variables 80 include a sampling rate, a number ofdata packets per sample, a code to enable or disable logging, etc. Itshould be understood, however, that many other test variables 80 may bedefined depending on the nature of the given radiated performance test.

Additionally, performance logic 74 may execute to prompt a user ofwireless device 12 to select a given device test configuration 74,and/or the associated log parameters 78 and/or test variables 80, from aplurality of available test configurations, log parameters and/or testvariables. For example, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, radiated performancetesting module 40 may include a user interface or views 75, such as aplurality of navigation menus that may be presented to a user via outputmechanism 54. Views 75 may include header information 77 and footerinformation 79, such as to identify the given menu, program and/orversion. Further, views 75 may present executable commands 81 to enablevarious functionality associated with a given test. For example,commands 81 may include commands such as: start, to instruct the moduleto start logging based on the configuration; stop, to instruct themodule to stop logging; erase all logs, to erase any logs stored inmemory; suspend, to instruct the module to suspend logging, however, themodule may include logic to automatically suspend logging if the memorybeing used reaches a predetermined threshold; resume, to re-initiatelogging following a suspend command; release, to release the internalmemory buffer, for example, for use for debugging operations; write tomemory, to write recorded data from a first memory to a second memory;simulated power down, to cause the device to mimic a normal power downso that clean up functions will be called and executed, which is usefulfor debugging; request upload, to request an upload of any stored dataand/or logs to another computer device, such as controller system 14;and audio/vibration, a toggle for setting audio and/or vibrate alertfeedback, for example, for use when receiving a command from anotherdevice, and/or initiating a data call, and/or when requesting orcompleting an upload, and for use in debugging operations. Additionally,views 75 may include changeable fields 83, such as for entering valuesfor test variables 80. Thus, a user may configure and run apredetermined radiated performance test through views 75 on wirelessdevice 12.

Alternatively, device test configuration 76 may be transmitted towireless device 12 via a wired or wireless connection, or may beincluded on computer platform 56 at the time of manufacture.

Additionally, radiated performance test module 40 includes device testlog 86 for storing the radiated performance-related information based ondevice test configuration 76. Device test log 86 comprises a recordstored in data repository 58 that may include the test conditions and/orthe test results associated with one or more radiated performance testsperformed using wireless device 12. As noted above, for example, devicetest log 86 may include wireless device (“WD”) receiver data 82 and/orWD transmitter data 84. In one embodiment, receiver data 82 includes oneor more measured signal characteristics 38, which is/are collected fromprocessing subsystem 64 upon the processing of signal 18 at eachselected position 22. Additionally, device test log 86 may include otherinformation that corresponds to the data generated by wireless deviceduring a given radiated performance test. For instance, device test log86 may include information contained within a received signal, such aspredetermined synchronization data 36 and/or reference signalcharacteristic 34 from signal 18. In one embodiment, reference signaldata 34 may be data that defines the original state of signal 18received by wireless device 12, such as a power value, an amplitudevalue, a phase value, a frequency value, a signal type/protocol, etc. Inone embodiment, predetermined synchronization data 36 may be timeinformation corresponding to a time when wireless device was in selectedposition 22, or position information defining the coordinates ofselected position 22. Further, device test log 86 may include all or anyportion of device test configuration 76 in association with thecollected receiver data 82 and/or transmitter data 84 to provide aconvenient reference to the test conditions associated with a given setof collected data.

Further, in some embodiments, radiated performance test module 40 mayinclude device analyzer module 88 to determine radiated performancecharacteristic 42 associated with wireless device 12 for a givenpredetermined radiated performance test 24. Device analyzer module 88may include any hardware, software, firmware and/or other set ofexecutable instructions operable to analyze any information collected indevice test log 86 and generate radiated performance characteristic 42.In one embodiment, for example, device analyzer module 88 may include ananalysis protocol 90, which may include functions, algorithms, etc.associated with a method of processing and/or analyzing the informationin log 86 to generate radiated performance characteristic 42. Forexample, analysis protocol 90 may include implementations of performancetests, integration protocols, simulation models, predictive models,statistical analysis, etc., such as for utilizing the logged informationto determine a desired metric, such as a partial solution to a testresult, or the final solution to the test, i.e. the radiated performancecharacteristic 42. As such, radiated performance characteristic 42 maybe a metric such as, but not limited to, a power and/or voltage gain, asensitivity measurement, a complex pattern correlation, a fadingcorrelation, a gain differential between two receive chains/antennas,etc. Further, radiated performance test module 40 may store thegenerated radiated performance characteristic 42 in device test log 86,or in some other record in association with one or more of thecomponents of log 86, for transmission, review and/or analysis onwireless device 12 and/or at another computerized device, such ascontroller system 14. Additionally, analysis protocol 90 may becontained within device test configuration 76, and accessed by deviceanalyzer module 88 during execution to determine a radiated performancetest result.

Any of the functionalities of the components of wireless device 12illustrated in FIG. 1 may be implemented with another device. Inaddition, certain components may be located on a separate device. Forexample, where the wireless device 12 is an adapter card that provideswireless communications capabilities for a computing device such as alaptop, parts of or all of the device test log 86 may be stored on thelaptop. Similarly, some or all of the parts of the computing platform 56may be located on the laptop itself.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4-6, controller system 14 may comprise at leastone of any type of hardware, software, firmware, workstation, server,personal computer, mini computer, mainframe computer, or any specialpurpose or general computing device. Further, controller system 14 mayreside entirely on the wireless device 12. Additionally, controllersystem 14 can include separate servers or computer devices that work inconcert to perform the functions describe herein. Controller system 14(or plurality of modules) can send software agents or applications, suchas the resident radiated performance testing module 40, to wirelessdevice 12 across a wireless network, such that wireless device 12returns information from its resident applications and subsystems. Forexample, wireless device 12 may transmit the result of executing devicetest configuration 76 during a predetermined radiated performance test24 in the form of device test log 86, where controller system 14 maythen synchronize this with predetermined time information or positioninformation to generate radiated performance characteristic 42.

Additionally, controller system 14 has an input mechanism 92 forgenerating inputs into the system, and an output mechanism 94 forgenerating information for consumption by the user of the controllersystem. For example, input mechanism 92 may include a mechanism such asa key or keyboard, a mouse, a touch-screen display, a voice recognitionmodule, etc. The inputs into controller system 14 may include menuselections to set-up, change parameters, and run a radiated test, or tosynchronize logged information from the wireless device with loggedinformation on the controller system. Further, for example, outputmechanism 94 may include a display, an audio speaker, a haptic feedbackmechanism, etc. The generated information to output may include theabove-referenced menus for performing a test and synchronizing and/orcomputing the test results, a view of the test results, etc.

Further, controller system 14 has computer platform 96 that can transmitand receive data, and that can receive and execute software applicationsand cause the display of data. Computer platform 96 includes a storagemechanism 98, which may comprise volatile and nonvolatile memory such asread-only memory (“ROM”) and/or random-access memory (“RAM”), erasableprogrammable read-only memory (“EPROM”), electronically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), flash memory cards, or anymemory common to computer platforms. Further, storage mechanism 98 mayinclude one or more secondary or tertiary storage devices, such asmagnetic media, optical media, tape, or soft or hard disk.

Further, computer platform 96 also includes a central processing unit100, which may be one or a combination of an application-specificintegrated circuit (“ASIC”) or other chipset, a logic circuit, aprogrammable logic machine, or any other data processing device. Centralprocessing unit 100 interprets and executes instructions and datacontained in software, such as all or portions of radiated test managermodule 44, as is discussed below in more detail.

Additionally, computer platform 96 further includes a communicationsmodule 102 embodied in hardware, firmware, software, and combinationsthereof, that enables communications among the various components ofcontroller system 14, as well as between controller system 14 and otherdevices, such as positioning system 28, radio signal system 32, andwireless device 12. For example, communications module 102 includesinput ports and output ports, such as for receiving device test log 86and transmitting control signal 16, respectively.

As noted previously, computer platform 96 further includes radiated testmanager module 44 to execute and manage all radiated performance testactivities on controller system 14. Radiated test manager module 44 maybe embodied in hardware, firmware, software, and combinations thereof.In one embodiment, radiated test manager module 44 includes managementlogic 104 that provides the capability to run predetermined radiatedperformance test 24. Further, in some embodiments, management logic 104may provide the capability to initiate the analysis of collects logs togenerate radiated performance characteristic 24.

In one embodiment, radiated test manager module 44 includes a library106 having a plurality of predetermined radiated performance tests 108that may be run by controller system 14. For example, the plurality ofpredetermined radiated performance tests 108 may include different testprotocols, which can vary by standards body, wireless carrier, wirelessdevice manufacturer, wireless device processor, antenna system, model ofwireless device, and also which may be designed to determine differentradiated performance characteristics. In any case, management logic 104may provide an interface to a user to select radiated performance test24 from among the plurality of predetermined radiated performance tests108. Alternately, radiated performance test 24 may be individuallyloaded onto computer platform 96 and executed by radiated test managermodule 44.

Referring to FIG. 5, in one embodiment, predetermined radiatedperformance test 24 includes a set of a plurality of positions 110 atwhich signals 18 and 46 are respectively transmitted to or from wirelessdevice 12. The plurality of positions 110 correspond to a particulartest protocol. For example, as required by some radiated tests, theplurality of positions 110 may comprise points on a sphere. It should beunderstood, however, that plurality of positions 110 may comprise pointsthat can be associated with any type of line or any type of shape. Asnoted previously, associated with each signal 18, 46 may be one or morereference signal characteristics 34 and 48, respectively. Thesereference signal characteristics 34, 48 may include, but are not limitedto, a signal power, a signal amplitude, a signal phase, a signalfrequency, a signal type/protocol, and any other controllable signalparameter that may be set for purposes of determining a radiatedperformance of wireless device 12.

Additionally, in some embodiments, each signal 18, 46 may furtherinclude data packets, which may be defined as predetermined over-the-air(“OTA”) data 112. For example, as noted above, predetermined OTA data112 may include predetermined synchronization data 36 that defines timeinformation 114 and/or position information 116. Time information 114includes data that defines a time when wireless device 12 is at one ofthe plurality of positions 110, such as selected position 22. In oneembodiment, for example, time information 114 may be acquired from atime module 118, which may be a local module associated with centralprocessing unit 100 or which may be a remote module accessible bycontroller system 14 for the purposes of synchronizing data. Positioninformation 116 includes data that defines the spatial coordinates ofselected position 22. As previously mentioned, predeterminedsynchronization data 36 is utilized to associate the measured value,such as measured signal characteristic 38 (received by wireless device12) or measured signal characteristic 50 (received by radio signalsystem 32) at each selected position 22 with for all of the plurality ofpositions 110 in order to generate a set of measure data for analysis.

Further, predetermined OTA data 112 may include additional OTA data 120,which may include predefined data packets that comprise messages in agiven wireless protocol. These messages may include a plurality ofsubpackets that further define additional data. For example, in a codedivision multiple access protocol, additional OTA data 120 may includepaging messages, acknowledgement messages, registrations messages,system parameter messages, and any other overhead messages. Further,additional OTA data 120 may further include subpacket information suchas service options, system identification (“SID”) codes, networkidentification (“NID”) codes, coordinates of a latitude and longitude ofa base station, system configuration/parameter information, testconfiguration/parameter information, etc. Further, additional OTA data120 may include codes to control functionality of wireless device 12,such as to turn logging on and off, to indicate a change of position, toindicate when to transmit a signal, and any other device controlparameter. For instance, different SID code values may be used to turnon and turn off the recording of log parameters 78. Further, in oneembodiment, predetermined synchronization data 36 may be embedded in anun-used portion of a standard overhead message defined by additional OTAdata 120.

Additionally, predetermined radiated performance test 24 may furtherinclude device test configuration 76, as discussed above in detail.Device test configuration 76 may comprise the relevant information for acomputerized device having the appropriate testing modules to executeall or a portion of predetermined radiated performance test 24. Forinstance, device test configuration 76 may allow one or both of wirelessdevice 12 and controller system 14 to carry out predetermined radiatedperformance test 24. Further, device test configuration 76 may comprisesummary information detailing parameters of the test. In one embodiment,for example, device test configuration 76 may be transmitted to wirelessdevice 12 as part of additional OTA data 120.

Additionally, radiated performance test 24 may include a set of logparameters 78 and test variables 80 for executing the test, or forpackaging within device test configuration 76. Also, based on the givenparameters of the test, radiated performance test 24 may include apredetermined set of control commands 16 to carry out the test.

Further, predetermined radiated performance test 24 may additionallyinclude analysis protocol 90 processing and/or analyzing the informationin log 86 to generate radiated performance characteristic 42, asdiscussed above in detail. In an embodiment where wireless device 12performs the analysis, for example, analysis protocol 90 may betransmitted to wireless device 12 as part of additional OTA data 120.Alternately, analysis protocol 90 may be utilized locally by controllersystem 14.

Referring back to FIG. 4, predetermined radiated performance test 24 isexecuted by radiated test manager module 44 to generate control signal16 based on various parameters associated with test 24 at each position.As noted earlier, control signal 16 includes positioning component 26 tomove wireless device 12 through each of the plurality of positions 110via positioning system 28. Further, as noted earlier, control signalincludes signaling component 30 to control the transmissions of signal18 from radio signal system 32 to wireless device 12 based on referencesignal characteristic 34.

In an embodiment, controller system 14 determines radiated performancecharacteristic 42 of wireless device 12, such as when wireless device 12transfers device test log 86 to controller system 14, or when test 24involves the measurement of transmission signal 46 from wireless device12. In either case, referring to FIG. 6, radiated test manager module 44further includes a control test log 122 to maintain a record of the testconditions and/or the test results. In one embodiment, for example,control test log 122 includes device test configuration 76 to record thetest parameters, which may include all or any portion of the dataassociated with predetermined radiated test 24, as discussed above.

Further, control test log 122 may include the predetermined values oftest parameters that can then be compared to the measured values of testparameters in order to determine a radiated performance of wirelessdevice 12. For example, control test log 122 may include a record ofcontrol receiver data 126, which includes information on signals, suchas signal 46, received by radio signal system 32 from wireless device12. For example, control receiver data 126 may include measured signalcharacteristic 50, predetermined synchronization data 36, referencesignal characteristic 48, and/or any other information associated withsignal 46 received from wireless device 12. Similarly, control test log122 may include a record of control transmitter data 128, which includesinformation on signals, such as signal 18, transmitted by radio signalsystem 32 to wireless device 12. For example, control transmitter data128 may include reference signal characteristic 34, which definesinformation about signal 18 transmitted to wireless device 12,synchronization data 36, measured signal characteristic 38, and/or anyother information associated with signal 18 transmitted to wirelessdevice 12.

Additionally, in the above embodiments, radiated test manager module 44may include a performance analyzer module 130 to execute analysisprotocol 90, as discussed above, on the data contained in control testlog 122 and/or device test log 86 in order to determine radiatedperformance characteristic 42. Performance analyzer module 130, whichmay be the same as or similar to analyzer module 88 on wireless device12, may include any hardware, software, firmware and/or other set ofexecutable instructions operable to analyze any information collected incontrol test log 122 and/or device test log 86.

Further, performance analyzer module 130 may additionally includesynchronization logic 132 executable to collect control test log 122and/or device test log 86 and combine records in order to synchronizesignals, measurements, and positions in order to generate a synchronizeddata log 134. In particular, synchronization logic 132 matchessynchronization data 36 between device test log 86 and control test log122 in order to correspondingly match measured signal characteristicswith their associated reference signal characteristics. For example, inone embodiment, the result of this matching combination of records issynchronized data log 134. In this case, performance analyzer module 130executes analysis protocol 90 on synchronized data log 134 in order togenerate radiated performance characteristic 42.

Referring back to FIG. 1, positioning system 28 may be any mechanismcapable of moving wireless device 12 to selected position 22. In oneembodiment, for example, positioning system 28 includes a positioncontroller 136 that receives positioning component 26 of control signal16, and directs a positioner assembly 138 to move an attached wirelessdevice 12. For example, positioner assembly 138 may include a pluralityof support structures, such as arms and bases, which may each beindependently rotatable and/or linearly movable to enable positionerassembly 138 to move wireless device 12 into any given planar and/orspherical position, or to rotate wireless device 12 about an axisthrough the given position. In one embodiment, for example, positionerassembly 138 may rotate wireless device 12 at any angle θ about avertical axis and about any angle φ about a horizontal axis. Themovement through each cut (conical or great circle) is continuous andthe measurements (e.g., RSSI measurements) are sampled continuouslyduring DUT rotation. Thus, there is no “stop-and-go” of wireless device12 at predetermined positions. Instead, positioner assembly 138 moveswireless device 12 at a constant velocity through each cut. Although themeasurements for wireless device 12 are not taken at fixed positions,the RSSI values at specified measurement coordinates may be determinedby interpolation of the sampled data. In one embodiment, the speed atwhich the positioner assembly 138 rotates wireless device 12 isdependent on the number of samples needed as well as the length of timerequired to acquire each sample.

Further, a height of wireless device 12 may be adjusted to any elevatione about a vertical axis. Positioner assembly 138 may include rotationaland/or linear motors, such as servo-motors, in order to receive commandsfrom position controller 136 and precisely position wireless device 12.Further, positioner assembly 138 may include a mounting mechanism 140for removably securing wireless device 12 to positioner assembly 138.For example, mounting mechanism 140 may be a corresponding hook and loopfastener system, tape, glue, a slotted case sized to hold the wirelessdevice, etc.

In another embodiment, for example, the position controller 136 ofpositioning system 28 receives positioning component 26 of controlsignal 16, which identifies selected position 22, and directs apositioner assembly 138 to move an attached wireless device 12 toselected position 22. In this other embodiment, the positions chosen forselected position 22 are fixed positions, and the measurement are takenat fixed coordinates.

Still referring to FIG. 1, radio signal system 32 may be any mechanismcapable of transmitting and/or receiving radio wave signals respectivelyto and/or from wireless device 12. In one embodiment, for example, radiosignal system 32 includes a communication simulator module 142 forgenerating and receiving signals based on signaling component 30 ofcontrol command 16. For example, in an embodiment where wireless device12 includes a cellular telephone, communication simulator module 142 maybe a base station simulator that emulates the functions of a basestation transceiver in a wireless network, such as a model 8960 WirelessCommunications Test Set available from Agilent Technologies of PaloAlto, Calif. Communication simulator module 142 may include transmit andreceive components that enable radio signal system 32 to transmit signal18 and receive signal 48 through an antenna 144. In one embodiment,antenna 144 includes a direction horn-type antenna, which may include apositioner 146 to adjust a horizontal h and/or vertical v polarizationassociated with the signals. Additionally, positioner 146 may be able toadjust a vertical height of antenna 144, although this may not benecessary if the vertical height of wireless device 12 is adjustable bypositioner assembly 138.

Additionally, as noted above, communication simulator module 142 mayinclude receive components to measure predetermined parameters ofreceived signal 46. Alternatively, radio signal system 32 may includeadditional receiver components 148, such as a power meter, to measureparameters of interest. In any case, radio signal system 32 measures thereceived signal 46 and reports this information to controller system 14.For example, radio signal system 32 reports control receiver data 126,such as measured signal characteristic 50, to controller system 14,which records this information in control test log 122 (FIGS. 4 and 6).

Still referring to FIG. 1, test chamber 20 provides an environment thatisolates wireless device 12 from external radio waves and noise.Further, test chamber 20 provides an environment that reducesinterference from reflected radio wave signals, and thus may comprise ananechoic chamber. For example, test chamber 20 includes a plurality ofwalls 150 that form an enclosure surrounding wireless device 12. Theinternally-facing sides of walls 150 include wave absorbing materials152, such as a foam material having a plurality of cone-shapedprojections for absorbing and dissipating radio waves and noise.Further, any component within test chamber 20, such as positioningassembly 138, may further include wave absorbing material 152 on one ormore surfaces to reduce radio wave reflection. Thus, test chamber 20provides radio frequency (“RF”) isolation from the external environmentand allows for the execution of radiated tests on the same frequencychannels used by local wireless carriers without interference, such asinterference to or from the commercial wireless networks.

Referring to FIG. 7, in one embodiment, a method operable on a wirelessdevice for determining a radiated performance characteristic of thewireless device comprises receiving and loading a radiated performancetesting module (Block 160). For example, wireless device 12 may receiveand load radiated performance testing module 40 via a wired or wirelessconnection.

Further, the method may further include receiving a test configurationassociated with the predetermined radiated performance test (Block 162).For example, wireless device 12 may receive device test configuration 76which identifies parameters 78 to log and variables 80 to utilize duringthe performance of the given radiated performance test.

Additionally, the method may further include executing the givenradiated performance test based on the received test configuration(Block 164). Execution of the given radiated performance test mayinvolve a number of actions, such as receiving a radio wave signal(Block 166), transmitting a radio wave signal (Block 168), and/orlogging measured and/or reference signal characteristics andsynchronization data based on the received test configuration at each ofa plurality of positions defined by the predetermined radiatedperformance test (Block 170). For example, when testing the receivecapabilities of wireless device 12, radiated performance testing module40 records receiver data 82, such as measured signal characteristic 38,based on the device test configuration 76. Similarly, radiatedperformance testing module 40 may transmit signal 46 and log itsassociated reference signal characteristic 48 based on the parameters ofthe given radiated performance test 24. For a forward link only device,block 168 is optional as there is no possibility to test fortransmission capabilities of wireless device 12 as wireless device 12does not include a transmitter.

In an embodiment that provides for remote analysis (Block 172), themethod includes transferring the log records so that they may beanalyzed by another device (Block 180). For example, radiatedperformance testing module 40 may transfer device test log 86 tocontroller system 14 for further analysis. As discussed herein, the logson wireless device 12 and controller system 14 may be synchronized bydetermining the point of the logs where the synchronization pulse wassent by controller system 14 appears on both logs.

In an embodiment that involves local analysis (Block 172), the methodfurther includes receiving and loading an analysis protocol associatedwith a given radiated performance test (Block 174), which includes thereceiver sensitivity. For example, radiated performance testing module40 may receive an analysis protocol 90 to apply to the recorded loginformation in device test log 86. Further, this embodiment includesanalyzing the logged measured and/or reference signal characteristicsand synchronization data (Block 176), and generating a radiatedperformance characteristic based on the analysis protocol (Block 178).For example, radiated performance testing module 40 executes analysisprotocol 90 to analyze predetermined parameters recorded within devicetest log 86. This analysis results in a generation of radiatedperformance characteristic 42.

Referring to FIGS. 8, in another embodiment, a method operable on anapparatus for determining a radiated performance characteristic of awireless device includes receiving and loading a radiated performanceapplication (Block 182). For example, controller system 14 may receiveand the load radiated test manager module 44 having one or more radiatedperformance tests.

Further, the method includes executing a predetermined radiatedperformance test (Block 184). For example, radiated test manager module44 may execute predetermined radiated performance test 24. The executionof a predetermined radiated performance test may involve a number ofactions, such as sending control signals based on the predetermined testto other system components (Block 186). For example, at each of aplurality of positions 110 associated with a given performance test 24,radiated test manager module 44 may generate control signal 16 havingpositioning component 26 to change the position of wireless device 12through movements of positioning system 28. In embodiments involving thetransmission of signals to wireless device 12, the action of sendingcontrol signals may further include sending a signaling component 30 toradio signal system 32 to initiate generation of signal 18.Additionally, for example, the action of executing a predeterminedradiated performance test may further involve logging predeterminedreference and/or measured signal characteristics and synchronizationdata (Block 188). For example, radiated test manager module 44 mayrecord control receiver data 126 and/or control transmitter data 128 incontrol test log 122.

In an embodiment that involves local analysis (Block 190), the methodfurther includes receiving a record of measured characteristics andsynchronization data from the wireless device (Block 192). For example,radiated test manager module 44 receives device test log 86 fromwireless device 12. If that the received log includes measured signalcharacteristics that are synchronized with position information (Block194), then the method further includes analyzing the received log basedon a predetermined analysis protocol (Block 196) and generating aradiated performance characteristic (Block 198). For example,performance analyzer module 130 may analyze device test log 86 usinganalysis protocol 90 to determine radiated performance characteristic42. In one embodiment, wireless device 12 is able to determine the PERon the device itself and collects that data. The PER data is stored todevice test log 86. An example FLO packet is the “MFLO MLC PLP STATSPOST PARAMS” log packet that records the number of good physical layerpackets (PLPs) and the number of PLP erasures. Alternatively, if thereceived log is not synchronized (Block 194), then the method includessynchronizing the received log information with local log information togenerate a synchronized data log (Block 200). For example, performanceanalyzer module 130 may execute synchronization logic 132 to combinedevice test log 86 with control test log 122 by matching thesynchronization information contained within each log, such as a powerpulse sent to synchronize the starting point of the test and whichappears on both logs. In this case, once synchronize data log 134 isgenerated, then the method may continue with the analysis of thesynchronized information via a predetermined analysis protocol (Block196) and the generation of radiated performance characteristic 42 (Block198).

Alternatively, in an embodiment that involves remote analysis (Block190), such as analysis on wireless device 12, the method may includetransmitting an analysis protocol associated with the predeterminedradiated test to another device (Block 202). For example, if not alreadyincluded as part of device test configuration 76, radiated test managermodule 44 may transmit analysis protocol 90 to wireless device 12, suchas through signal 18. Optionally, this embodiment of the method mayfurther include receiving the radiated performance characteristic fromanother device (Block 204). For example, radiated test manager module 44may receive radiated performance characteristic 42 from wireless device12 if the wireless device includes analyzer module 88. The informationmay be transferred using a variety of approaches, including the use ofthe transmitter of wireless device 12 associated with the receiver, aseparate transmitter (e.g., Bluetooth® or 802.11), or a cable.

In particular, in one non-limiting example as highlighted earlier, thedescribed embodiments may be utilized for cellular telephone radiatedantenna/receiver tests, such as: (1) a Total Isotropic Sensitivity (TIS)test; (2) a Total Radiated Power (TRP) test; and (3) an antenna patterncorrelation (rho) test.

All three of these radiated tests require spherical measurement ofantenna gain for both vertical and horizontal polarizations. Inherent inthe TIS test is a measurement of the antenna receive gain pattern,although it is traditionally accomplished indirectly via receiversensitivity. The TRP test depends on a measurement of the antenna'stransmit gain. The antenna pattern correlation test, or antenna rhotest, requires simultaneous measurement of complex voltage receive(“RX”) gain, including amplitude and phase, of two or more antennas. Thephysical procedure of measuring spherical gain is essentially the samefor all tests: measure the loss between transmitter and receiver as thephone is physically rotated around the sphere, most commonly in a seriesof Great Circle cuts (elevation cuts). What differs between each test isthe nature and position of the transmitter and receiver.

In the case of the TIS test and antenna pattern correlation test, thetransmitter, typically a cell-site simulator such a communicationsimulator module 142, is connected to a range directional antenna suchas a horn antenna 144, and the receiver is connected to the antennaunder test. In this case, the receiver is receiver module 70 and theantenna under test is antenna system 72 of wireless device 12. For theTRP test, wireless device 12 acts as the transmitter, and the receiveris an RF power meter 148 connected to the range antenna 144.

In these tests, receiver module 70 of wireless device 12 makes thenecessary measurements for the RX-based tests (RX Gain, Antenna Rho). Byusing receiver module 70 of wireless device 12, the describedembodiments provide a number of advantages, such as: time savings, sincewireless device 12 does not have to be modified for testing; and,potentially, more accurate results since the prior art modification ofwireless device 12 and the prior art use of external equipment andcables may alter the gain pattern of the antenna.

Additionally, radiated performance testing module 40 provides access toreceiver data 82, such as RX_AGC (received power) and Pilot I/Qestimates from each rake finger via API 62 interfacing with processingsubsystems 64. Further, radiated performance testing module 40 logsreceiver data 82 to device test log 74 within data repository 58. Thisapproach provides the advantage of being able to test wireless device 12with no cables attached. At this point, wireless device 12 becomes boththe test equipment and the data logger. This provides a cleaner testsetup which evaluates wireless device 12 in a more representative state(uncabled) and may provide time savings as well.

Further, the above-described set-up allows all necessary test data to belogged in one single place—on wireless device 12. For example, withsystem 10, position controller 136 can be queried for positioninformation at the time of each power measurement. This positioninformation, or some data (such as a time) corresponding to thisposition information, may be communicated to wireless device 12 duringtesting (without cables) such that all necessary test data can be loggedon wireless device 12. This enables wireless device 12 to synchronouslylog position information with receiver parameters such that a powerversus position record can be collected on the fly. Alternatively,controller system 14 may record the position information and a time, orsome other variable that can be synchronized with wireless device 12,corresponding to the position information. At the same time, wirelessdevice 12 records the measured data parameter and the time (or othersynchronization data). In this alternative, wireless device 12 may sendthe log to controller system 14, which can synchronize the positioninformation with the measured data parameters via the time, or othersynchronization data. For example, synchronization data 36 may comprisea pulse that is sent at the beginning of a procedure to provide apredetermined starting point in the log of wireless device 12. Inanother embodiment, position information, or at least synchronizationdata 36, may be transmitted to wireless device 12 via: a data socketopened over an active traffic channel, encoding in one or more unusedfields in the forward link overhead channel messages, such as the SID,network identification (“NID”), or base station latitude and longitudein system parameter message; and, data could be communicated overauxiliary channels such as Bluetooth® or 802.11 frequency channels.

The TIS test accounts for interaction of antenna and phone electronics,inclusive of jamming effects from unwanted noise radiated by phoneelectronics that can couple to the antenna module. In particular, withregard to the TIS test, a MediaFLO receiver sensitivity measuremententails finding the traffic channel power at which the received signalquality begins to degrade; specifically, the point at which the packeterror rate (PER) becomes 0.5%. Similarly, CDMA receiver sensitivitymeasurement entails finding the traffic channel power at which thereceived signal quality begins to degrade; specifically, the point atwhich the frame error rate (FER) becomes 0.5%. It should be noted,however, that some other PER or FER threshold may be specified,depending on the given scenario. Further, it should be noted that otherthreshold parameters may be utilized. For example, utilizing globalsystem for mobile communications (“GSM”) technology, the thresholdparameter may be bit error rate (“BER”). For the CDMA case, the CellularTelecommunications & Internet Association (“CTIA”)-specified procedurefor the TIS test dictates that a radiated sensitivity measurement ismade at every 30° in the Theta (elevation) and Phi (azimuth) axes.Again, depending on the scenario, other predetermined positions may beutilized. Excluding points at Theta=0° and 180°, this prior arttechnique requires 60 individual sensitivity measurements for eachpolarization, which are subsequently integrated over the sphere,producing the TIS metric. This is an extremely time consuming test toperform, since identification of the sensitivity point at each positionrequires a gradual, iterative process, which in the past has beenperformed manually.

The described embodiments, however, provide for accelerating the speedat which the TIS test can be performed. The radiated sensitivity aroundthe sphere varies only as a result of the variation of antenna RX gain.All other factors in the link are constant. As such, it follows that ifthe antenna's RX gain pattern is known, then a sensitivity measurementis required at only a single reference point, preferably the point ofmaximum antenna gain. Therefore, radiated sensitivity, Sens, at anyother point (θ,φ) on the sphere can be expressed as:Sens(θ,φ)=Sens(θ_(o),φ_(o))+[G _(RX)(θ,φ)−G _(RX)(θ_(o),φ_(o))]  (1)

where Sens(θ,φ) is the radiated sensitivity at spherical coordinate(θ,φ), expressed in dBm, G_(RX)(θ,φ) is the RX antenna gain at sphericalcoordinate (θ,φ), expressed in dB, and (θ_(o),φ_(o)) is the coordinateof the reference sensitivity measurement, i.e. preferably thesensitivity at the position of maximum gain.

In the prior art, this approach is impractical, since as mentionedpreviously, prior art devices are altered destructively to measureG_(RX)(θ,φ). However, the described embodiments allow G_(RX)(θ,φ) to bedetermined non-destructively, since received power measurements areperformed by receiver module 70 of wireless device 12. Thus, in oneparticular embodiment, the following accelerated methodology for eachpolarization (vertical and horizontal) may be utilized:

(1) execute radiated performance testing module 40 to measure and logG_(RX)(θ,φ) at a predetermined plurality of positions, such as 30°increments for (θ,φ) which in this case defines a shape of a sphere,(excluding θ=0° and 180°);

(2) identify the position, (θ_(o),φ_(o)), at which G_(RX) is maximum;

(3) perform a single radiated sensitivity test at position(θ_(o),φ_(o)), i.e. ramping down transmitted power to the wirelessdevice while monitoring PER (or FER for a CDMA-based device; or BER fora GSM-based device) until a predetermined threshold PER is reached, todetermine Sens (θ_(o),φ_(o));

(4) apply Equation 1 above to the entire set of predetermined positions,such as the previously-mentioned spherical positions, to determineSens(θ,φ) for each predetermined position; and

(5) integrate the calculated Sens(θ,φ) over the shape of thepredetermined positions in order to determine the TIS metric for thewireless device.

In other words, TIS requires “radiated sensitivity patterns”EIS_(v)(θ,φ) and EIS_(h)(θ,φ), where EIS_(v or h) (Effective IsotropicSensitivity) is the radiated receiver sensitivity at a given measurementangle (θ,φ) for a given PER (or BER or FER) threshold. In a testchamber, however, these values are difficult to measure directly sincethe call often drops when the device under test is rotated to an antennapattern null (e.g., the receive signal level can go below phone noiselevel). To avoid this problem, the receive patterns are measured at areceived power level high enough to avoid dropped calls, and then scaledby the measured peak sensitivity value to derive EIS_(v)(θ,φ) andEIS_(h)(θ,φ) patterns. For example, in one embodiment, the chamber pathlosses are calibrated so that a known power level is incident on thedevice under test that is about equal to or greater than 30 dB above thephone's noise floor (e.g., about −70 dBm at the phone test site is agood number for a typical phone). It should be noted, however, thatother dBm values may be utilized depending on the given test scenario.The antenna gain patterns (G_(v)(θ,φ), G_(h)(θ,φ)) are derived from theabove measured pattern data by normalizing to the RSSI value, i.e., themeasured power, reported by the phone when “injecting” the referencepower level (−70 dBm in this case) directly into the receiver (usuallyvia the RF test port on the phone). This is the value the phone wouldreport if the antenna gain at a given measurement angle was 0 dBi andthe power incident at the phone was −70 dBm. Deviations from this valueindicate the receive antenna gain.

The peak radiated receiver sensitivity, Peak EIS(θ_(pk),φ_(pk)), is thenmeasured in the anechoic chamber at the angle of incidence (θ,φ) and forthe chamber horn polarization (vertical, v, or horizontal, h) resultingin the peak antenna gain. The EIS patterns are obtained by normalizingthe antenna gain patterns by the peak EIS value:EIS _(v or h)(θ,φ)=PeakEIS(θ_(pk),φ_(pk))−G _(v or h)(θ,φ).

Once the EIS_(v)(θ,φ) and EIS_(h)(θ,φ) patterns are known, the TISmetric is obtained by performing a spatial average of the patterns overa sphere of test angles:

${TIS} = \frac{4\pi}{∯{{\{ {{{EIS}_{v}( {\theta,\phi} )} + {{EIS}_{h}( {\theta,\phi} )}} \} \cdot \sin}\;{\theta \cdot {\mathbb{d}\theta}}{\mathbb{d}\phi}}}$

This technique allows for the calculations to be made entirely onwireless device 12, entirely at control system 14, or some combinationthereof. For example, wireless device 12 can independently makedeterminations when in receipt of synchronization data 36, such asposition information, or synchronization data 36 such as timeinformation 114 in combination with the log from controller system 14 ofsynchronization data 36 versus position information. Wireless device 12may determine G_(RX)(θ_(o),φ_(o)) and transmit position (θ_(o),φ_(o)) tocontroller system 14 for re-orientation of positioning system 28 andinitiation of the sensitivity testing portion of the protocol. Wirelessdevice 12 may then calculate the required Sens(θ,φ), and perform theintegration to determine the TIS metric, which it may store and/or sendto controller system 14.

Alternatively, the data collection at wireless device 12 may beinterrupted after Steps 1 and 2 to allow device test log 86 to beoffloaded from wireless device 12 to, for example, controller system 14for post-processing to determine G_(RX)(θ,φ) and G_(RX)(θ_(o),φ_(o)).For example, log 86 includes a record of measured data versussynchronization data. At this point, controller system 14 may sendcontrol signal 16 to position wireless device at position (θ_(o),φ_(o))for the radiated sensitivity test. Similarly, wireless device 12 mayoffload device test log 86 after recording a set of sensitivitymeasurements at the position of maximum gain, or after determiningSens(θ_(o),φ_(o)). Then, controller system 14 can apply Equation 1 atall positions and/or perform the integration across the sphere, therebydetermining the TIS metric.

Furthermore, Step 1 can be performed with wireless device 12 in idlemode, since the RX_AGC is active. Advantageously, this techniqueeliminates the need to maintain a traffic call during the duration ofthe test. Although, it should be noted that wireless device 12 may be ina call for Step 3, since FER may be defined only for traffic dataframes.

In one embodiment, the above-described sensitivity test is performedmanually—the forward link transmit power on the cell site simulator isadjusted by hand to reach the target PER on wireless device 12. As notedabove, the described embodiments provide for the automation of thesensitivity test. For example, controller system 14 establishes a callwith wireless device 12 and gradually ramps the forward link power downwhile maintaining a record of power vs. time, i.e. in control test log122. Simultaneously, radiated performance testing module 40 records PERvs. time, i.e. in device test log 86. Radiated test manager module 44receives device test log 86 and executes synchronization logic 132 tosynchronize the measurements associated with the recorded time in eachlog 122 and 86, thereby generating synchronized log 134 which includes arecord of PER vs. power. Based on this record of PER vs. power,performance analyzer module 130 may determine the point of 0.5% PER.

In another alternative, if the forward transmit power is communicated towireless device 12 over the forward link, then all necessary data can belogged at the wireless device 12. In this case, radiated performancetesting module 40 executes analyzer module 88 to determine the point of0.5% PER. Thus, consolidating the logging on wireless device 12advantageously eliminates the need for offline synchronization of logs122 and 86 respectively from controller system 14 and wireless device12.

With regard TRP, the TRP test is a performance test of the transmitchain of wireless device 12. For this test, wireless device 12 may beconfigured via device test configuration 76 to transmit at full power.For example, in a CDMA device, this is most often accomplished byinstructing the cell site simulator to send “all-up” power control bitswhile a traffic call is maintained. Power received from wireless device12 is measured by power meter 148 attached to antenna range directional(horn) antenna 144.

The CTIA-specified procedure for the TRP test dictates that a powermeasurement is made at every 15° in the Theta (elevation) and Phi(azimuth) axes for each polarization. Excluding points at Theta=0° and180°, this technique requires 264 individual data points for eachpolarization, which are subsequently integrated over the sphere,producing the TRP metric. Due to the overlap in the positions at whichmeasurements are desired, the described embodiments allow the TRP testto be performed simultaneously with the TIS test, thereby providingsubstantial time savings.

Alternatively, another method to configure wireless device 12 forfull-power operation is to manually set the digital transmit gain byplacing it in Factory Test Mode (FTM). In this configuration, the TRPtest can be performed simultaneously with the idle mode RX gaindetermination described above with regard to the TIS test, providing forpotential time savings.

In other words, the TRP metric may be determined by the followingequation:

${TRP} = {\frac{1}{4\pi} \cdot {∯{{\lbrack {{{EIRP}_{v}( {\theta,\phi} )} + {{EIRP}_{h}( {\theta,\phi} )}} \rbrack \cdot \sin}\;{\theta \cdot {\mathbb{d}\theta}}{\mathbb{d}\phi}}}}$

where EIRP_(v)(θ,φ) is the effective isotropic radiated power for thevertical polarization, and EIRP_(h)(θ,φ) is the effective isotropicradiated power for the horizontal polarization, which can be determinedfrom the transmit gain patterns, G_(v or h)(θ,φ):G _(v or h)(θ,φ)=EIRP _(v or h)(θ,φ)/MaxPAOut

where MaxPAOut is the maximum power out of the power amplifier, i.e. themaximum power out of transmitter module 68, at each test frequency.

It follows that the peak effective radiated power, PeakEIRP, is themaximum value of the EIRP pattern:PeakEIRP=Max[Max(EIRP _(v)(θ,φ)), Max(EIRP _(h)(θ,φ))]

The PeakEIRP may be needed for regulatory certification of a wirelessdevice, i.e., SAR, class level certification, radiated emissions.

Further, another transmit mode radiated performance characteristic isthe antenna efficiency, η:

$\eta = {\frac{1}{4\pi} \cdot {∯{{\lbrack {{G_{v}( {\theta,\phi} )} + {G_{h}( {\theta,\phi} )}} \rbrack \cdot \sin}\;{\theta \cdot {\mathbb{d}\theta}}{\mathbb{d}\phi}}}}$

which is derived in a manner similar to deriving TRP from the antennagain patterns.

Pattern envelope correlation, ρ_(e), evaluates the potential fordiversity gains of a dual antenna, dual receiver phone in a mobileenvironment. The rho test determines fading correlation based onmeasuring complex gains. The measured complex Rx patterns for theprimary and secondary antennas (e.g., Eθ1, Eφ1, Eθ2, Eφ2, as discussedbelow) can be used to estimate the envelope correlation resulting from amodel of the incident field on the antenna pair.

With the advent of receiver diversity as an available feature incurrent-generation of mobile station modem (“MSM”) ASICs, a need hasdeveloped for radiated tests to predict how well a multi-antenna systemwill perform in the field. MIMO devices will benefit from such a test aswell. A crucial design parameter for a dual-antenna device is thecorrelation between antennas. An antenna pair which produces highlycorrelated signals in the dual receive chains is of minimal use forreceive diversity. The described embodiments utilize the envelopecorrelation, also known as the fading correlation, as a predictor ofdiversity gain in dual antenna systems.

The envelope correlation can be predicted from complex voltage gainpatterns of a pair of antennas and an assumed incident RF field. As withother receive gain measurements, the complex antenna gain pattern hastraditionally been measured using a cabled test. In the case of acommercial wireless device, this requires destructive modification ofthe device to install external connectors. Instead of destructivemodification, however, the described embodiments utilize component ofreceiver module 70 of wireless device 12. For example, in the case of acellular phone, the CDMA rake receiver functionality requires accuratephase estimates of the Pilot channel. By providing an active Pilotchannel from a cell-site simulator, such as simulator 142, and havingradiated performance test module 40 log the received power from eachreceive chain/antenna, as may be found in an RX_AGC data packet, and thein-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) Pilot estimates, as may be found in aRX_Pilot Finger data packet, from the rake receiver as the phone isrotated around a sphere, a complex gain pattern can be generatedentirely on wireless device 12. This requires no destructivemodification of the handset.

As with the receiver gain pattern discussed above, all logging may beconsolidated on wireless device 12 if position/angle information iswirelessly transmitted to the device, such as over the forward link,during data collection.

If wireless device 12 does not accurately implement receiver diversityin Idle mode, multi-antenna complex pattern determination may beaccomplished with wireless device 12 in a traffic call.

In particular, the described embodiments include apparatus and methodsfor estimating the envelope fading correlation ρ_(e) in a mobileenvironment from the measured complex radiated patterns from a pair ofantennas on wireless device 12 within test chamber 20.

The complex voltage V incident on an m^(th) antenna element at (θ,φ) dueto the k^(th) electromagnetic plane wave (ray), F^(k) _(m)(θ,φ) with acomplex antenna field pattern, E_(m)(θ,φ), can be given by:

$\begin{matrix}{V_{m}^{k} = {\int_{0}^{2\pi}{\int_{0}^{\pi}{{{E_{m}( {\theta,\phi} )} \cdot {F_{m}^{k}( {\theta,\phi} )} \cdot \sin}\;{\theta \cdot {\mathbb{d}\theta} \cdot {\mathbb{d}\phi}}}}}} \\{{= {\int_{0}^{2\pi}{\int_{0}^{\pi}{( {{{E_{\theta,m}( {\theta,\phi} )} \cdot {F_{\theta,m}^{k}( {\theta,\phi} )}} + {{E_{\phi,m}( {\theta,\phi} )} \cdot {F_{\phi,m}^{k}( {\theta,\phi} )}}} ) \cdot}}}}\ } \\{\sin\;{\theta \cdot {\mathbb{d}\theta} \cdot {\mathbb{d}\phi}}}\end{matrix}$

Then, the variance in the total complex antenna field pattern at thisantenna element,

E[V_(m)^(k)²], is:

E[V_(m)^(k)²] = P_(V) ⋅ ∫₀^(2π)∫₀^(π)E_(θ, m)(θ, ϕ)² ⋅ P_(θ)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ sin  θ ⋅ 𝕕θ ⋅ 𝕕ϕ + P_(H) ⋅ ∫₀^(2π)∫₀^(π)E_(ϕ, m)(θ, ϕ)² ⋅ P_(ϕ)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ sin  θ ⋅ 𝕕θ ⋅ 𝕕ϕ

where P_(θ) and P_(φ) represent the incident field angular power densityfunctions in θ (vertical polarization) and φ (horizontal polarization)directions, P_(V) and P_(H) are constants representing the mean incidentpowers on wireless device 12 in 0 (vertical) and φ (horizontal)polarizations, respectively, over a representative RF environment, suchas may be found along a random drive route.

For antennas 1 and 2, the cross covariance,

E⌊V₁^(k) ⋅ V₂^(k^(*))⌋,between received signals from the two antennas is:

E[V₁^(k) ⋅ V₂^(k^(*))] = E[V_(θ, 1)^(k) ⋅ V_(θ, 2)^(k^(*))] + E[V_(ϕ, 1)^(k) ⋅ V_(ϕ, 2)^(k^(*))] = P_(H) ⋅ ∫₀^(2π)∫₀^(π)(XPR ⋅ E_(θ, 1)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ E_(θ, 2)^(*)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ P_(θ)(θ, ϕ) + E_(ϕ, 1)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ E_(ϕ, 2)^(*)(θ, ϕ) ⋅ P_(ϕ)(θ, ϕ)) ⋅ sin  θ ⋅ 𝕕θ ⋅ 𝕕ϕ

where XPR=P_(V)/P_(H), and where * indicates the complex conjugate.

From the two signal variances and the cross covariance, the envelopecorrelation coefficient is given by:

${\rho_{e} \cong {\rho }^{2}} = \frac{{{E\lbrack {V_{1}^{k} \cdot V_{2}^{k^{*}}} \rbrack}}^{2}}{{E\lbrack {V_{1}^{k} \cdot V_{1}^{k^{*}}} \rbrack} \cdot {E\lbrack {V_{2}^{k} \cdot V_{2}^{k^{*}}} \rbrack}}$

The measured complex antenna patterns, Eθ1, Eφ1, Eθ2, Eφ2, for wirelessdevice 12 having antenna system 72 with dual antennas at discrete anglesover a field of view covering 4π steradians can be used in the previousformulation to calculate ρ_(e) as follows:

$R_{12} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N\;\phi}\;{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N\;\theta}\;{{( {{{{XPR} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{1_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{2_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\theta_{i}} + {E\;\phi\;{1_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\phi\;{2_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\phi\; i}} ) \cdot \sin}\;{\theta_{i} \cdot \Delta}\;{\theta \cdot \Delta}\;\phi}}}$${\sigma\; 1} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N\;\phi}\;{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N\;\theta}\;{{( {{{{XPR} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{1_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{1_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\theta_{i}} + {E\;\phi\;{1_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\phi\;{1_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\phi\; i}} ) \cdot \sin}\;{\theta_{i} \cdot \Delta}\;{\theta \cdot \Delta}\;\phi}}}$${\sigma\; 2} = {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N\;\phi}\;{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N\;\theta}\;{{( {{{{XPR} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{2_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\theta\;{2_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\theta_{i}} + {E\;\phi\;{2_{i,j} \cdot E}\;\phi\;{2_{i,j}^{*} \cdot P}\;\phi\; i}} ) \cdot \sin}\;{\theta_{i} \cdot \Delta}\;{\theta \cdot \Delta}\;\phi}}}$

where: R is related to the cross covariance between antennas 1 and 2; i,j are indices relating to the angular position of the measured sample;Nθ represents the number of θ angles; and, Nφ represents the number of φangles.

Then, the envelope correlation, ρ_(e), is:

$\rho_{e} = \frac{{R_{12}}^{2}}{\sigma\;{1 \cdot \sigma}\; 2}$

In these calculations, values for XPR (polarization ratio of incidentfield), and the form of P_(θ) and P_(φ) functions are dependent on theRF environment (e.g., urban, suburban, rural, highway, etc.).

As an example, expressions for P_(θ) and P_(φ) for a channel model withuniform spread in azimuth and Gaussian spread in elevation is givenbelow:

${P\;\theta\; i} = {{P_{v}i} = {A_{V} \cdot \exp^{- {\lbrack\frac{{({{\theta\; i} - m_{V}})}^{2}}{2 \cdot \sigma_{V}^{2}}\rbrack}}}}$${P\;\phi\; i} = {{P_{h}i} = {A_{h} \cdot \exp^{- {\lbrack\frac{{({{\theta\; i} - m_{h}})}^{2}}{2 \cdot \sigma_{h}^{2}}\rbrack}}}}$where: Av and Ah are normalization constants such that P_(θ) and P_(φ)=1when integrated over the sphere; m_(v), m_(h) are mean angle of arrivalof the respective θ,φ polarized external fields, in one embodimenthaving typical values of m_(v)=5 degrees and m_(h)=10 degrees; andσ_(θ), σ_(φ) are the angular spreads of the respective θ,φ polarizedexternal fields, in one embodiment having typical values of σ_(θ)=15degrees and a σ_(φ)=30 degrees.

It should be noted, however, that other expressions are possible.

Several phone mockups with dual antennas were fabricated. Complexpatterns were measured and the fading correlation was calculated fromthe patterns for each test case. The resultant p values ranged from 0.05to 0.98. Additionally, the same mockup phones were used to measure thecorrelation between signals received by each antenna in typical indoorenvironments. The tests were performed in areas covered by the local PCSservice provider.

In particular, referring to FIG. 7, the measured “pattern” correlationresults from measurements in test chamber 20 were seen to comparefavorably to those obtained from raw field measurements. For example,graph 700 includes a horizontal axis 702 corresponding to measuredpattern p values and a vertical axis 704 corresponding to field p valuesfor: a phone 706 having a single dipole antenna connected to a splitterand measured in non-line-of-sight (“NLOS”) conditions (indoors); a phone708 having two pair of dipole antennas with 0.05λ separation measured ona rooftop in near line-of-sight (“LOS”) conditions; a phone 710 havingtwo pair of dipole antennas with 0.05λ separation measured in NLOSconditions; a clamshell phone 712 having one external antenna and oneinternal antenna measured in NLOS conditions; a clamshell phone 714having one external antenna and one internal antenna measured in NLOSconditions; a phone 716 with a dual stubby external antenna measured inNLOS conditions; and, a phone 718 with a stubby external antenna and aninternal antenna measured in NLOS conditions. Thus, graph 700 indicatesthat the ρ's calculated from the patterns and field data nearly lay ontop of each other for a large range of ρ values.

Due to the correlation between the measured pattern ρ's and the fieldρ's, these results confirm that laboratory tests can be performed,according to the described embodiments, to evaluate the diversityperformance of dual antenna diversity enabled wireless devices withouthaving to resort to extensive field testing.

Further, referring to FIG. 8, a table 800 includes an example ofcalculated ρ's 802 for different channel models 804 using measuredradiated patterns from a demonstration phone. In this case, channelmodels 804 include an indoor environment with an outside basetransceiver station, an urban microcell, an urban macrocell, and ahighway macrocell. Further, each channel model 804 includes a differentset of variables 806. In this case, for example, variables 806 includepolarized wave, m, angular spread, σ, and polarization ratio, XPR. Itshould be noted that the statistics used for the channel models werefrom measurements done by Kalliola, et. al., “Angular Power Distributionand Mean Effective Gain of Mobile Antennas In Different PropagationEnvironments,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 51, No.5, September 2002, hereby incorporated by reference. Based on thesecalculated results, the described apparatus and methods provide a robustapproach for using complex radiated patterns to estimate the fadingcorrelation between dual antennas in mobile environments to characterizethe diversity performance of diversity-enabled wireless devices.

Thus, in the described embodiments, one or more predetermined radiatedperformance characteristics may be determined for a wireless deviceduring a single test, where the wireless device is uncabled, and wherethe wireless device records its own measured values along withsynchronization data in a resident memory. For example, the radiatedperformance characteristics may include the TIS value, the TRP value,and the envelope correlation, ρ_(e). The calculated value of theradiated performance characteristic, based on measurements describedherein, may then be compared to some predetermined threshold, such asmay be set by a network carrier, a manufacture or standards group, inorder to determine a radiated performance acceptability, approval,and/or certification of the wireless device.

While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative embodiments, it shouldbe noted that various changes and modifications could be made hereinwithout departing from the scope of the described embodiments as definedby the appended claims. Furthermore, although elements of the describedembodiments may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural iscontemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.

1. A method for determining a radiated performance characteristic of awireless device, comprising: determining a measured signalcharacteristic of a forward link only signal received by the wirelessdevice at each one of a plurality of associated time instances, whereinthe plurality of associated time instances is relative to a startingtime instance; receiving a synchronization signal; setting the startingtime instance in a log based on the synchronization signal, wherein thesynchronization signal is a pulse signal; and recording the measuredsignal characteristics in the log on the wireless device at eachassociated time instance in the plurality of associated time instances.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the measured signal characteristic isa power gain.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determiningan antenna gain pattern based on the measured signal characteristics. 4.The method of claim 3, wherein the antenna gain pattern is an antennapower gain pattern.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the antenna gainpattern is an antenna complex voltage gain pattern.
 6. The method ofclaim 3, further comprising determining a location of peak gain in theantenna gain pattern.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprisingdetermining a peak receiver sensitivity using the location of peak gainin the antenna gain pattern.
 8. The method of claim 7, furthercomprising determining a lowest power level at the location of peak gainin the antenna gain pattern at which a predetermined signal qualityindicator can be received.
 9. An apparatus for determining a radiatedperformance characteristic of a wireless device, comprising: means fordetermining a measured signal characteristic of a forward link onlysignal received by the wireless device at each one of a plurality ofassociated time instances, wherein the plurality of associated timeinstances is relative to a starting time instance; means for receiving asynchronization signal; means for setting the starting time instance ina log based on the synchronization signal, wherein the synchronizationsignal is a pulse signal; and means for recording the measured signalcharacteristics in the log on the wireless device at each associatedtime instance in the plurality of associated time instances.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the measured signal characteristic is apower gain.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising means fordetermining an antenna gain pattern based on the measured signalcharacteristics.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the antenna gainpattern is an antenna gain pattern selected from the group consisting anantenna power gain pattern and an antenna complex voltage gain pattern.13. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising means for determininga peak receiver sensitivity using a location of peak gain in the antennagain pattern.
 14. At least one processor configured to perform theactions of: determining a measured signal characteristic of a forwardlink only signal received by a wireless device at each one of aplurality of associated time instances, wherein the plurality ofassociated time instances is relative to a starting time instance;receiving a synchronization signal; setting the starting time instancein a log based on the synchronization signal, wherein thesynchronization signal is a pulse signal; and recording the measuredsignal characteristics in the log on the wireless device at eachassociated time instance in the plurality of associated time instances.15. The at least one processor of claim 14, wherein the measured signalcharacteristic is a power gain.
 16. The at least one processor of claim14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to performthe actions of determining an antenna gain pattern based on the measuredsignal characteristics.
 17. The at least one processor of claim 16,wherein the antenna gain pattern is an antenna gain pattern selectedfrom the group consisting an antenna power gain pattern and an antennacomplex voltage gain pattern.
 18. The at least one processor of claim16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to performthe actions of determining a peak receiver sensitivity using a locationof peak gain in the antenna gain pattern.
 19. A product comprising amachine-readable medium and programming embodied in the medium that,when executed by a processor in the gateway device, implements themethod of claim 1.